🔍 Why This Matters

We now know how switches, circuits, and electricity send messages.

Let’s now understand some extra secrets—ideas that make computers reliable, smart, and fast.

📏 Signals Need to Be Clean

If a switch is supposed to be ON, but the electricity is weak, the computer might not understand it.

That’s why computers use special rules:

• A signal must be strong enough to count as a “1”

• If it’s too weak, it’s treated as a “0”

This keeps things from getting confusing.

🕒 Timing Is Everything

Switches don’t just flip—they flip at the right time.

Computers use a clock—not like a wall clock, but a tiny electric pulse that says “Go! Go! Go!” many times per second.

The faster the clock, the faster the computer can work.

🔁 Repeating Signals to Avoid Mistakes

Sometimes, signals get lost or noisy.

So computers repeat messages or check them using something called error detection.

If the message doesn’t look right, it asks for it again. That’s how your photos don’t get scrambled when you upload them!

🧪 Digital vs Analog

Electricity can flow smoothly (like sound) or in sharp steps (like 0s and 1s).

• Analog = smooth changes (like voice, heat, wind)

• Digital = sharp steps (0 or 1)

Computers use digital signals. Why? Because 0s and 1s are simple, clean, and easy to check for mistakes.